Deepfake jako dowód w procesie cywilnym – rozważania na tle polskiego postępowania cywilnego

This paper analyses the legal qualification of deepfake in Polish civil law and its role in civil proceedings as a means of evidence. For this purpose, the provisions of civil law, procedural law and EU law were analysed in the context of acts on artificial intelligence and digital services introduced to protect against the use of artificial intelligence in an unethical manner. The paper uses a dogmatic-legal and analytical method, examining the doctrine and legislation on evidence, forms of legal acts and content generated by artificial intelligence. According to the results, deepfake can be treated as a document in substantive civil law, but in civil proceedings it constitutes a different means of evidence, which does not benefit from the presumptions provided for documentary evidence. In the authors’ opinion, EU regulations do not provide sufficient protection against its misuse in court proceedings; therefore, the proper application of the principles of free evaluation of evidence in Polish civil procedural law is key to preventing rulings based on deepfakes. Similarly, educating legal professionals on this issue will be crucial, as it will enable them to recognise the dangers and threats posed by deepfakes.

Keywords: civil proceedings, evidence, document, evidentiary proceedings, deepfake